Managerial Accounting 505 Case Study Week 3 Free Essays

Evaluation 45/50 Managerial Accounting 505 Case Study Week 3 A. What is the make back the initial investment point in travelers and incomes every month? Complete Per UnitPercent Sales: 160 X 90 $14,400$ 160100% Less factor costs/costs: . 70 X 90 $ 6,300 $7044% Contribution edge: $ 8,100$9056% Less fixed costs/cost: $3,150,000 Net working salary: $3,141,900 8,100/14,400 = 56% 100 †56 = 44% BEP in travelers (fixed expenses/commitment edge) 3,150,000/90 = 35,000 travelers BEP in dollars (traveler every month X selling cost) 35,000 X 160 = 5,600,000 B. We will compose a custom article test on Administrative Accounting 505 Case Study Week 3 or on the other hand any comparative theme just for you Request Now What is the make back the initial investment point in number of traveler train vehicles every month? # of seats per traveler train vehicles X Average burden factor BEP in passenger’s vehicle every month 35,000/(90x. 70) 35,000/63 = 556 traveler train for every month C. On the off chance that Springfield Express raises its normal traveler toll to $190, it is assessed that the normal burden factor will diminish to 60%. What will be the month to month make back the initial investment point in number of traveler vehicles? All out Per UnitPercent Selling Price $17,100$190100 Less factor costs/expense$6,300$70 37 Contribution margin$10,800$12063 BEP in travelers (fixed expense/unit cm ) 3,150,000/120 = 26,250 BEP in travelers every month in dollars (fixed expenses/cm proportion) 3,150,000/. 63 = 5,000,000 # of seats for each traveler train vehicles X Average burden factor 90 X . 60 = 54 BEP # of travelers vehicles 26,250/(90 X . 60) 54 = 486 travelers train vehicles for each month D. Allude to unique information. ) Fuel cost is a noteworthy variable expense to any railroad. On the off chance that raw petroleum increments by $ 20 for every barrel, it is evaluated that variable expense per traveler will ascend to $ 90. What will be the new earn back the original investment point in travelers and in number of traveler train vehicles? BEP in travelers Fixed working expense/commitment edge 3,150,000/70 = 45,000 travelers for each month BEP # of travelers per vehicle 90x. 70 = 63 traveler for every vehicle Passengers every month/traveler train vehicles 45,000/63= 714 traveler train vehicles for each month E. Springfield Express has encountered an expansion in factor cost per traveler to $ 85 an d an increment altogether fixed expense to $ 3,600,000. The organization has chosen to raise the normal charge to $ 205. In the event that the assessment rate is 30 percent, what number of travelers every month are expected to create an after-charge benefit of $ 750,000? Before charge benefit = after-charge benefit/100%-charge rate % 750,000/(1. 00-. 30)= $1,071,429 Before charge benefit + fixed cost/New commitment edge $,1,071,429 + $3,600,000/($205-$85) = $4,671,429/$120 = 38928. 56 or 38,929 traveler for every month. F. (Utilize unique information). Springfield Express is thinking about contribution a limited toll of $ 120, which the organization accepts would expand the heap factor to 80 percent. Just the extra seats would be sold at the limited passage. Extra month to month promoting cost would be $ 180,000. What amount pre-charge pay would the limited toll give Springfield Express if the organization has 50 traveler train vehicles for each day, 30 days out of every month? Revenue= 90 x (. 80-. 70) x 120 x 50 x 30 + $180,000 = $1,800,000 Variable cost= $70 x ($1,800,000/markdown passage ($120) = 1,050,000 Additional month to month publicizing cost = $180,000 Revenue†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦$1,800,000 Less Variable cost†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦($1,050,000) Contribution Margin†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ $750,000 Less Advertising cost†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ ($180,000) Pretax salary rebate toll provide†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. $570,000 f# of limited seats = 90 X . 0 = 9 seats Contribution edge for limited tolls = $ 120 †$ 70 = $ 50 X 9 limited seats = $450 each train X 50 train vehicles for every day X 30 days for every month= $ 675,000 short $ 180,000 extra fixed expenses = $ 495,000 pretax salary. G. Springfield Express has a chance to acquire another course that would be voyage 20 times each month. The organization trusts it can sell seats at $ 175 on the course, however the heap factor would be just 60 percent. Fixed expense would increment by $ 250,000 every month for extra work force, extra traveler train vehicles, upkeep, etc. Variable expense per traveler would stay at $ 70. 1. Should the organization acquire the course? Revenue= 90 x (. 6) X $175ãâ€"20= $189,000 Variable cost= $70 x ($189,000/admission ($175) = $75,600 Additional month to month Fixed expense = $250,000 Revenue†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦$189,000 Less Variable cost†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦($75,600) Contribution Margin†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ $113,400 Less Fixed cost†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. ($250,000) Pretax pay loss†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã ¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. $136,000) The organization ought not go for the new course since they will lose cash in light of the fact that the Total Additional Contribution Margin isn't Additional Fixed Costs 2. What number of traveler train vehicles must Springfield Express work to gain pre-charge salary of $ 120,000 every month on this course? Before charge benefit + fixed cost/Contribution edge $120,000+$250,000/($175-$70) = 3,523. 81 or 3524 # of seats for each traveler train vehicles X Average burden factor 90 X . 0 = 54 Passengers for each month/traveler train vehicles 3524/54 = 65. 25 or 65 traveler train vehicles required 3. In the event that the heap factor could be expanded to 75 percent, what number of traveler train vehicles must be worked to gain pre-charge salary of $ 120,000 every month on this course? Before charge benefit + fixed cost/Contribution edge $120,000+$250,000/($175-$70) = 3,523. 81 or 3524 # of seats for e very traveler train vehicles X Average burden factor 90 X . 5 = 67. 50 Passengers for every month/traveler train vehicles 3524/67. 50 = 52. 20 or 52 traveler train vehicles required 4. What subjective elements ought to be considered by Springfield Express in settling on its choice about obtaining this course? Whenever fixed cost expanded to $500,000 Fixed cost (25,000 X 2) = $500,000 = fixed expense + required benefit)/commitment edge per seat = (500000 + 120000)/61 = 62,0000/61 = 10164 Seats Seat value normal (131*10164) 1331484 Variable cost (70*10164) 711480 Contribution 620004 Fixed cost 500000 Income Fixed cost variable cost, commitment edge pay stacking elements ought to be considered before taking choice. 4. Springfield ought to consider such things as †¢Connections to other Springfield prepares that may be made by these travelers. †¢Long-extend potential for expanded burden factors †¢Increased client generosity in this new market †¢Increased business open doors for work in the territory †¢Competition in the market. 120004 Step by step instructions to refer to Managerial Accounting 505 Case Study Week 3, Free Case study tests

Comments for Ruby Code (Usage, Single, and Multi-Line)

Remarks for Ruby Code (Usage, Single, and Multi-Line) Remarks in your Ruby code are notes and comments intended to be perused by different software engineers. The remarks themselves are overlooked by the Ruby mediator, so the content inside the remarks isnt subject to any limitations. Its normally great structure to put remarks before classes and strategies too any bit of code that might be perplexing or indistinct. Utilizing Comments Effectively Remarks ought to be utilized to give foundation data or clarify troublesome code. Notes that essentially state what the following line of clear code does are evident as well as add mess to the record. Its critical to take care not to utilize an excessive number of remarks and to be certain the remarks made in the record are important and accommodating to different software engineers. The Shebang Youll notice that every Ruby program start with a remark that starts with #!. This is known as a kit n kaboodle and is utilized on Linux, Unix and OS X frameworks. At the point when you execute a Ruby content, the shell, (for example, slam on Linux or OS X) will search for a kit n kaboodle at the primary line of the document. The shell will at that point utilize the thing to locate the Ruby mediator and run the content. The favored Ruby kit n kaboodle is #!/usr/receptacle/env ruby, however you may likewise observe #!/usr/container/ruby or #!/usr/nearby/canister/ruby. Single-Line Comments The Ruby single-line remark starts with the # character and finishes toward the stopping point. Any characters from the # character as far as possible of the line are totally overlooked by the Ruby mediator. The # character doesnt essentially need to happen toward the start ofâ the line; it can happen anyplace. The accompanying model outlines a couple of employments of remarks. #!/usr/receptacle/env ruby # This line is overlooked by the Ruby translator # This strategy prints the whole of its contentions def sum(a,b) Â â puts stomach muscle end sum(10,20) # Print the aggregate of 10 and 20 Multi-Line Comments In spite of the fact that regularly overlooked by numerous Ruby software engineers, Ruby has multi-line remarks. A multi-line remark starts with the start token and closures with the end token. These tokens should begin toward the start of the line and be the main thing on the line. Anything between these two tokens is overlooked by the Ruby translator. #!/usr/canister/env ruby start Between start and end, any number of lines might be composed. These lines are overlooked by the Ruby translator. end puts Hello world! In this model, the code would execute as Hello world!

Chinese Fable Stories With Morals

Chinese Fable Stories With Morals Numerous Chinese tales recount to an engaging story to delineate an ethical exercise. Here are a couple of such stories. Halting Halfway, Never Comes Ones Day In the Warring States Period, in the territory of Wei carried on a man called Leyangtsi. His significant other was extremely radiant and upright, who was cherished and regarded profoundly by the spouse. At some point, Leyangtsi found a bit of gold on his way home, and he was enchanted to such an extent that he ran home as quick as possible to tell his better half. Taking a gander at the gold, his significant other said serenely and tenderly, As you most likely are aware, it is typically said that a genuine man never drinks the taken water. How might you take such a bit of gold home which isn't yours? Leyangtsi was enormously moved by the words, and he promptly supplanted it where it was. The following year, Leyangtsi went to a far off spot to consider works of art with a gifted instructor, disregarding his significant other home. At some point, his significant other was weaving on the loom, when Leyangtsi entered. At his coming, the spouse appeared to be concerned, and she without a moment's delay asked the explanation behind what good reason he returned unexpectedly early. The spouse clarified how he missed her. The spouse blew up with what the husband did. Encouraging her better half to haveâ fortitude and not be too enjoyed the adoration, the spouse took up some scissors and chop down what she had woven on the loom, which made Leyangtsi exceptionally confused. His better half announced, If something is halted midway, it is much the same as the cut fabric on the loom. The material may be valuable whenever wrapped up. In any case, presently, it has been only a wreck, thus it is with your examination. Leyangtsi was incredibly moved by his significant other. He ventured out from home fearlessly and went on with his investigation. He didnt get back to see his cherished spouse until increasing incredible accomplishments. For a considerable length of time, the story has regularly been utilized as a model to move the individuals who might pull out in rivalries. Approach a Fox for Its Skin Quite a while in the past, there carried on a youngster, called Lisheng, who had recently hitched a stunner. The lady was adamant. At some point, she had a thought that a layer of fox hide would look lovely on her. So she requested that her better half get her one. Yet, the coat was uncommon and excessively costly. The powerless spouse had to stroll around on the slope. Exactly right now, a fox was strolling by. He lost no opportunity to get it by the tail. All things considered, dear fox, lets settle on an understanding. Might you be able to offer me a sheet of your skin? That isnt a serious deal, right? The fox was stunned at the solicitation, yet she answered smoothly, Well, my dear, that is simple. However, let my tail go with the goal that I can pull off the skin for you. So the enchanted man let her free and hung tight for the skin. Be that as it may, the second the fox got free, she fled as fast as possible into the timberland. The story can be utilized to show that it is difficult to request that somebody demonstration without wanting to, even in an apparently immaterial way. Bian Hehs Jade In the Spring and Autumn Period, Bian Heh in the Chu state got a harsh jade on Mount Chu. He chose to introduce the significant jade to the ruler to demonstrate his official unwaveringness to his sovereign, Chuli. Unfortunately, the jade was decided as a typical stone by the court jaders-the individuals who worked with and evaluated the estimation of jade in old China-which drove Emperor Chuli extremely mad and had Bian Hehs left foot chop down cold-bloodedly. After the enthronement of the new sovereign Chuwu, Bian Heh chose to present the jade to Chuwu to explain matters. Sovereign Chuwu likewise had it checked by the jaders in the court. Also, the end brought about a similar truth that Bian Heh lost the other foot. After the passing of Emperor Chuwu, the sovereign Chuwen was enthroned, that gave the poor Bian Heh a sparkle of light of demonstrating his reasonable still, small voice. Be that as it may, the second he thought of what he had brought about, he couldnt help crying next to a slope. He was unable to quit sobbing for a few days and evenings; he nearly sobbed his heart out and even blood was dropping from his eyes. Furthermore, it happened to be heard by the head in the court. He requested his men to discover why he was so miserable. Bian Heh wailed out Call a spade a spade. For what reason was a genuine jade mixed up as a plain stone over and over? For what reason was a steadfast man thought fickle time and time? Ruler Chuwen was moved by Bian Hehs profound pain and requested the jaders to open the jade to have a nearby look. To their amazement, in the unpleasant coat, the unadulterated substance was shimmering and translucent. At that point it was deliberately cut and cleaned fine and finally, the jade turned into an uncommon fortune of the province of Chu. In memory of the loyal man Bian Heh, the Emperor named the jade by Bian Heh. Thus the term Bians Jade appeared. Indeed, even today, individuals depict something very valuable in its incentive with Bians Jade. Shameful moves Never Last: The Donkey of Guizhou A great many years back, jackasses were not found in Guizhou region. Be that as it may, eavesdroppers were constantly appealed by anything. So they dispatched one into this zone. At some point, a tiger was strolling around to discover something to eat, when he saw the unusual creature. The immense newcomer startled him a considerable amount. He covered up between the brambles to consider the jackass watchfully. It appeared to be good. So the tiger drew close to the jackass to have a nearby look. Hawhee!- a boisterous clamor burst upon, which sent the tiger fleeing as quick as could reasonably be expected. He was unable to have whenever to think before he settled himself home. The mortification stung in him. He should return to that abnormal thing to oversee it, despite the fact that he was as yet frequented by the horrendous commotion. The jackass was maddened when the tiger got excessively close. So the jackass offered his novel ability as a powerful influence for the guilty party to kick with his hooves. After a few sessions, it turned out to be evident that the jackasses power was excessively. The tiger hopped upon the jackass in time and cut its throat. Individuals are typically recounted to the story to represent the constraints of stunts and fraud. A Painted Snake Makes a Man Sick In the Jin Dynasty, there carried on a man named Le Guang, who had an intense and uninhibited character and was cordial. One day Le Guang sent for one of his dear companions since the companion had not shown up for long. At the principal sight of his companion, Le Guang understood that something more likely than not occurred to his companion for his companion has no genuine feelings of serenity constantly. So he asked his companion what was wrong. It was all a direct result of that meal held at your home. At the dinner, you gave an impromptu speech to me and exactly when we raised the glasses, I saw that there was a little snake lying in the wine and I felt especially wiped out. From that point forward, I lay in bed incapable to do anything. Le Guang was perplexed at the issue. He glanced around and afterward observed a bow with a painted snake held tight the mass of his room. So Le Guang laid the table at the first spot and asked his companion again to have a beverage. At the point when the glass was loaded up with wine, he highlighted the shade of the bow in the glass and requested that his companion see. His companion watched apprehensively, Well, well, that is the thing that I saw last time. It is a similar snake. Le Guang ignored and took the bow on the divider. Would you be able to see the snake any longer? he inquired. His companion was amazed to find that the snake was no longer in the wine. Since every bit of relevant information had come out, his companion recouped from his drawn out ailment immediately. For a large number of years, the story has been advised to encourage individuals not to be too dubious pointlessly. KuaFu Chased the Sun It is said that in ancient times a divine being named KuaFu resolved to have a race with the Sun and find Him. So he surged toward the Sun. At long last, he nearly ran in a dead heat with the Sun, when he was excessively parched and sweltering to proceed. Where might he be able to discover some water? Simply then the Yellow River and Wei River became visible, thundering on. He dove upon them sincerely and drank the entire stream. Be that as it may, he despite everything felt parched and hot, immediately, he walked northward for the lakes in the north of China. Lamentably, he tumbled down and passed on midway in view of thirst. With his fall, his stick dropped. At that point the stick turned into a stretch of peach, green and lavish. From this tale came the phrase, KuaFu pursued the Sun, which turns into the figure of speech of keeps an eye on assurance and volition against nature.â Fish for the Moon in the Well One night, an astute man, Huojia went to get some water from the well. Shockingly, when he investigated the well, he found the moon soaked in the well sparkling. Gracious, great Heavens, what a pity! The delightful moon has dropped into the well! So he ran home for a snare, and tied it with the rope for his can, at that point put it into the well to angle for the moon. After some season of chasing for the moon, Haojia was satisfied to find that something was gotten by the hook. He more likely than not suspected it was the moon. He pulled hardâ onâ the rope. Because of the extreme pulling, the rope broke into separated and Haojia failed on his back. Exploiting that post, Haojia saw the moon again high in the sky. He moaned with feeling, Aha, it at last returned to its place! What a great job! He felt extremely glad and educated whomever he met with regarding the wonderment gladly without comprehending what he did was something illogical.

2017 Best Brightest Nicholas Whetstone, USC (Marshall)

2017 Best Brightest: Nicholas Whetstone, USC (Marshall) by: Jeff Schmitt on April 09, 2017 | 0 Comments Comments 1,247 Views April 9, 2017Nicholas WhetstoneUniversity of Southern California, Marshall School of BusinessI may not be the most interesting man in the world, but I’ve done his taxes.Fun fact about yourself: My Spotify username is the great FASB. I like to believe that both F. Scott Fitzgerald and Janet Yellen would appreciate it.Hometown: Thousand Oaks, CAHigh School: Westlake High SchoolMajor: Accounting and Business AdministrationMinor: Philosophy for the ProfessionsFavorite Business Courses: Accounting Research Methods, Investments, Accounting Information SystemsExtracurricular Activities, Community Work and Leadership Roles during College:Secretary General – TrojanMUNCorporate Director – Model United Nations of Southern CaliforniaMarshall Student AmbassadorsUSC Renaissance ScholarGlobal Leadership ProgramUSC Marshall Departmental HonorsBoeing Case Competition – Intercollegiate WinnerTeaching Assistant – Introductory AccountingDean’s List – All semestersWhere have you interned during your college career?Los Angeles Area Chamber of Commerce, Los Angeles, CA: Public Policy InternEssex Property Trust, Woodland Hills, CA: Operations InternThe Walt Disney Company, Burbank, CA: Corporate Financial Planning and Analysis InternThe Walt Disney Company, Glendale, CA: Accounting Rotation InternDescribe your dream Job: My dream job is being the owner and head waiter at The South Seas Club, the jazz club from the movie The Rocketeer. This place had it all: style, class, a 30-piece band playing â€Å"Begin the Beguine,† and fancy ice sculptures. What a place to spend the evening!Who is your favorite professor? Dr. Julie Suh of the Leventhal School of Accounting was by far the most influential person in my college career search. She introduced me to the field of empirical research in accounting and the entire economic consulting industry.Which executive or entrepreneur do you most admire? Robert Iger of the Walt Disney Company. He has a clear vision for his organization and a unique ability to consistently execute successful mergers.What did you enjoy most about majoring in a business-related field?   The best part about being an Accounting and Business major was being able to learn something in the classroom and then immediately apply it during my internships. Additionally, the wide scope of subject matter covered in my undergraduate business education made it easier to determine which specialties within the broad field of business I found most interesting.What is the biggest lesson you gained from studying business? The best way to distinguish yourself is by your ability to improve the lives of others.Where would you like to work after graduation?  I will be working at Analysis Group in Los Angeles as a Research Analyst.What are your long-term professional goals? While at A nalysis Group, I hope to develop my research interests and determine what types of empirical questions I find most compelling. I eventually plan to pursue an advanced degree, most likely an MBA or PhD. After graduate school, I hope to find a career which allows me to translate academically-driven analysis into real world economic outcomes.What advice would you give to a student looking to major in a business-related field?Your business education will be very practical, and you will be able to quickly translate it into a career. That said, don’t be hesitant to engage with more abstract subject matter as it will make you a more well-rounded thinker.â€Å"I knew I wanted to major in business when†¦I took my first accounting class. It was challenging at first, but then all of the sudden it made sense. Debits on the left were paired in harmony with credits on the right in eternal adherence to accounting’s fundamental equation.†Ã¢â‚¬Å"If I didn’t major in business, I would be†¦a Philosophy major with minors in History and Statistics.†Ã¢â‚¬Å"Before I entered business school, I wish I had known†¦professionalism does not have to come at the expense of personality.†Ã‚  Which academic, extracurricular or personal achievement are you most proud of? Managing TrojanMUN 2017 was one of my proudest accomplishments of college. TrojanMUN is USC’s annual collegiate Model United Nations conference, and it is consistently ranked among the best fall conferences on the west coast. This year-long process involved forming a 501 c(3) corporation and getting it recognized by the state of California and the IRS. After months of marketing and detailed planning, my team of about 50 students and I hosted 313 college students from schools around the United States. Our conference was well reviewed by attendees, and we came in significantly under budget. I am very proud of what my team accomplished, and I am thankful to everyone who contributed their time and talent to make TrojanMUN 2017 a resounding success.What animal would you choose to represent your professional brand? I would choose the Pembroke Welsh Corgi as my brand ambassador because the corgi can do anything it sets its mind to.Who would you most want to thank for your success? I would like to thank my mother for supporting my education, my professors for taking a genuine interest in my academic success, and the many USC donors whose scholarship contributions helped me attend this amazing university.What would you like your business school peers to say about you after you graduate from this program? â€Å"Nick was dedicated to his studies and wanted others to be as excited about the subject matter as he was.†Favorite book: The Fundamentals of Ethics by Russ Shafer-LandauFavorite movie: Star Wars (in order of preference: V, IV, VII, VI, R1, II, III, I)Favorite musical performer: Frank SinatraFavorite vacation spot: Geneva, SwitzerlandWhat are your hobbies? Going to jazz performances and USC sporting eventsWhat made Nicholas such an invaluable addition to the Class of 2017?â€Å"As a professor (and multiple dog mom), I try not to have favorites but it’s hard not to with Nick. He is one of those students who remind me every day why I have the best job in the world – he is one of the brightest, most motivated, and responsible students I have ever taught, and I am sad (and proud) that he will be leaving the nest and moving on to litigation consulting.  As a student in my Honors class, many times I forgot that I was chatting about research with an undergraduate student, and not a fellow Ph.D. As my TA this semester, he goes over and beyond what I ask him to do, and always looks for ways to make my life easier. For example, I had a stack of papers I had put aside to grade later, and Nick went ahead and graded them for me. I’ve given him a standing offer to come back and be my TA forever if the corporat e world ends up being unfulfilling, but I have a feeling he will one day come back as a colleague instead.†Julie W. Suh, Ph.D. Assistant Professor of Clinical Accounting USC Leventhal School of AccountingDONT MISS: THE FULL HONOR ROLL: THE BEST BRIGHTEST UNDERGRADUATE BUSINESS MAJORS OF 2017   Page 1 of 11

The Irony in the Ideal Hero - 700 Words

The Irony in the Ideal Hero Beowulf is an epic poem about a great hero in pagan society written by a Christian poet. During the time that Beowulf was written, the Germanic tribes were in flux, transitioning from paganism to Christianity. The conflict between the ideal pagan warrior and Christian ethics is evident throughout the poem. Beowulf is portrayed as the ideal hero because of his bravery, strength, and skill as a warrior; his success over Grendel and Grendel’s mother is rewarded with riches, a typical practice in pagan society. The tenets that make Beowulf a great hero conflict with Christian ideals such as love they neighbor and thou shalt not kill. Peace, mercy, and kindness are essential ethical components of Christianity while†¦show more content†¦People today are still seeking revenge, one could say that a settlement from a lawsuit could be considered a modern day death price, and the death penalty could be synonymous with the more violent forms of revenge performed by Germanic warri ors. The promise of reward is another aspect of Pagan warrior life that conflicts with Christian ethics. Beowulf fights Grendel not only to help save the Danes but also for personal gain. By defeating Grendel, Beowulf is rewarded with land, wealth, and a gleaming reputation as a fierce and courageous warrior. â€Å"There is nothing you wish for/that won’t be yours if you win through alive† (line 660-61). There is a contradiction of the Christian ideal that one should perform good deeds not out of expectation for reward but because it is the righteous thing do. The idea of fighting for personal gain and glory is also antithetical with the value placed on humility in the Christian religion. Beowulf is anything but humble when he boasts about defeating the â€Å"sea-brutes† (line 549) to Unferth in the Great Hall, the night he arrives in Heorot. Beowulf continues to toot his own horn when he declares, â€Å"I will show him how Geats shape to kill/in the heat of ba ttle† (line 602-603). After defeating both Grendel and his mother, Hrothgar awards Beowulf with various riches such as helmet, breast-mail, a sword known as the Hrunting, and eight horses. Later on in the story,Show MoreRelatedThe Representation of Women in Much Ado About Nothing Essay1492 Words   |  6 Pagesportrayal of women in Much Ado About Nothing. Hero can be easily compared with Beatrice being of a similar class and very close relatives. Then you have the characters of Margaret and Ursula, the servants, who are also very comparable and show a portrayal of women in lower classes. 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Sir Gawain and theRead MoreAnalysis Of Byrons Poem1306 Words   |  6 Pages One such work is Byron’s, Don Juan. The poem follows the adventures of the Spanish hero Don Juan. He travels around the world and gets involved in bizarre situations, usually due to a romantic interest. The poem seems to share more similarities with the epic tradition than Wordsworth’s. Don Juan’s titular character, like many heroes in other epics, pre-existed the Byron poems. The story is vast in scale; it follows Don Juan’s adventures in love and travel. 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In â€Å"The Bicycle† Horton illustrates the theme of making difficult choices. The choices Hannah makes alters her life in positive and negative ways. Being completely devoted to the life of a pianist seemed to be the ideal choice at first, but in the end she realized how much of her childhood she had lost and how lonely she became.Read MoreVerbal Irony In Oedipus Rex941 Words   |  4 Pages‘Oedipus Rex’ is a tragic play written by Sophocles, that is known for its countless examples of irony found within it. The story of Oedipus is a classic Greek tragedy. Oedipus is the son of King Laius and Queen Jocasta in Thebes. The Oracle at Delphi reveals to them the tragic fate within their family. Their son Oedipus was destined to kill his father and marry his mother. To try and prevent this horrendous fate, King Laius sends his son to be terminated at the mountain of Kithairon. Although KingRead MoreSophocles Oedipus Rex as Modern Tragedy Essay examples1184 Words    |  5 Pagesliterary studies. 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Since the main character in Sophocles’ classic tragedy Oedipus Rex or Oedipus the King matches up to Aristotle’s definition, Oedipus certainly exemplifies what it is to be a â€Å"tragic hero.† The play’s protagonist Oedipus is revered as a good man and intelligent ruler who acts quickly to support Thebes- a city

Pet Friendly By Sue Pethick - 1324 Words

Animal companionship is available through many choices and may include such examples as furry, four legged creatures or those that may slither and frighten even the most ardent animal lover. Still, the mutual bond that forms between owner and guardian transcends the daily duties associated with pet ownership. These emotional relationships are corroborated through personal stories and often presented in heartwarming movies and novels. Pet Friendly by Sue Pethick utilizes an encouraging theme to embody one example, which exemplifies how pet ownership, including the rewarding aspect of adoption, has a magnitude of positive benefits on the physical, emotional, and social well-being of the human companion. There are a significant number of†¦show more content†¦Unfortunately, some individuals may have reservations about animal adoption because of preconceived notions of low success rates. Mindful of these concerns, Pet Smart Charities sought information regarding the success rates of animal adoptions. In three surveys performed over a one year period with respondents who adopted dogs and cats from either a PetSmart location, Adopt-a-Thon event, or shelter, Neidhart and Boyd concluded there was an overwhelming positive response to animal adoption (175). Ninety percent reported being very satisfied with the animal chosen, while only two percent responded very dissatisfied. Additionally, eighty eight percent reported being very satisfied with the adoption experience, and ninety eight percent would recommend their adoption location to others (176). While adoption is just the beginning of the subsequent years of happiness and companionship for the pet and the caretaker, numerous oth er benefits accompany this camaraderie. Individuals who share their lives with animals reap numerous physical benefits, which leads to an improvement of overall health. One of the most widely known physical rewards is simply achieved by exercising with a dog, which mutually benefits both parties and involves merely taking the recommended thirty minute daily walk (Benjamin 1). Additionally, the reduction in heart disease, which is a more

The Handmaids Tale Essay Example For Students

The Handmaids Tale Essay The Handmaids Tale presents a futuristic society in which men and women do not have an emotional relationship. They need one another only for procreation. Men are represented as powerful and self-sufficient. Women are relegated to the position of servants. The intricacies of this society are examined through the characters of Offred and the Commander. By describing their daily lives, Atwood suggests that there are underlying problems in the Republic of Gilead relationships. She uses the Scrabble scene to symbolize that the characters needs are greater than society is able to meet. Through great risk the Commander seeks to change his relationship with Offred and therefore, take a small step toward changing society. Offred is summoned to the Commander’s room for unknown reasons. A plethora of possibilities go through her mind about why he would break the rules to see her. As she enters his office she notices his position and the serious tone of his body language. â€Å"I think I will cry,†(178) Offred thinks as she takes a seat. She is trapped in a sticky situation internally. She is obliged to go to the Commanders room at night, regardless if she doesn’t want to break the rules. Because of this new relationship, Offred is exposed to many new feelings and insights. Many of these feelings are uncomfortable and confusing. She does not know what to expect next. More important, Offred knows she is expendable to the Commander. From this situation Offred is given a new role as a handmaid. She is not only needed for her ovaries, but also wanted for her mind. The Commander uses her for himself, which is selfish yet Offred has an opportunity for Offred to open her mind as she once used to. She gains a new confidence and acquires a new sense about herself and her situation as a handmaid. Offred is not allowed to speak about her situation but has the ability to look at herself differently. She now has new meaning in the house, and a relationship of the mind with the Commander. The Commander says; â€Å"I want. †(178) Hearing this Offred does not want to give away her eagerness. He continues, â€Å"I would like you to play a game of Scrabble with me. †(179) He shows a new side to himself by exposing a weakness. A man who was an intimidating force in the house is seen differently. He exposes a forceless side. It is understood that he too suffers in this new society. He feels the lack of friendship, companionship, and love. He has shown vulnerability. He does not have everything he wants in life. It is hard to like the Commander because he is seen through the Handmaids eyes. A weak side to personality is rarely exposed in a leader. They are stereotypically presented as strong. When a weakness becomes obvious, the masses are satisfied because they can identify with the leader. It is understood that they are human and capable of making mistakes. The Commander is the stereotypical leader in the Republic of Gilead. Others look up to him and seek his power. Atwood has given him the name â€Å"commander† suggesting a higher ranking above others without even giving more details. A powerful label in life is seen as an immediate sign of power. Readers are programmed to respect people of authority, which happens just by knowing their label and not necessarily knowing them personally. Without getting to know him the readers subconsciously fill in what a commander should be. As Atwood describes the Commander in more detail, a different side begins to emerge and our thinking about him changes. As a man reading about him, I understand how the Commander feels. He has been socialized as a macho leader, with a one-dimensional side and no sympathy for others. Then a need for companionship emerges through the Scrabble invitation. By taking this interpersonal risk, a new respect was gained for him. He is no longer just the stereotypical norm. He has the guts to become involved in a relationship, and risk humiliation for companionship. Lamb to the slaughter, The sniper and Vendetta EssaySection IV: Waiting Room Chapter 8 What is â€Å"Gender Treachery?† The passage on the etymology of the term â€Å"Mayday† is correct. During World War II, the opening rhythmic pattern from Beethoven’s Fifth Symphony was interpreted as the Morse code for â€Å"v† (dot dot dot dash), and used to symbolize â€Å"victory†. What do we learn about Offred’s family in this passage? If a miscarried fetus may or may not be an â€Å"Unbaby† what would an â€Å"Unbaby† seem to be? â€Å"All flesh is grass† (Isaiah 40:6) is a quotation from the Bible meaning that all humans are mortal. Why does Aunt Lydia use instead the saying â€Å"all flesh is weak?† Does she really mean all humans? How about women? How is Offred’s silent correction a reply to her comment? Serena Joy’s speechmaking on behalf of housewifery is a clear satire on the career of Phyllis Shlafley, lawyer, right-wing activist, and cofounder of the Eagle Forum, who put most of her energy for many years into leading the fight against the Equal Rights Amendment while admonishing other women to stay home and raise their children. The Shape of Things to Come is the title of one of H. G. Well’s novels, alluded to ironically at the end of the paragraph beginning â€Å"She’s looking at the tulips.† Why does Offred envy Rita her access to the knife? Why is she startled at the end of the chapter when she realizes she has called the room â€Å"mine†? Chapter 9 What feelings does she have as she looks back on the early days of her affair with Luke? Nolite te bastardes carborundorum will be explained in Chapter 29. Note that a posting lasts two years. This will be important later. Chapter 10 Why are the words to the hymn Amazing Grace now considered subversive? Who did Aunt Lydia blame for the â€Å"things† that used to happen to women? What sorts of memories does she keep returning to in this chapter? Chapter 11 What do we learn about the Handmaid system during the scene at the doctor’s office? â€Å"Give me children, or else I die.† (Genesis 30:1). Deuteronomy 17:6 requires that for a couple to be stoned to death on account of adultery there has to be two witnesses to the act. Chapter 12 To what were women vulnerable in bathrooms â€Å"before they got all the bugs ironed out†? For Paul on hair, see 1 Corinthians 11:6-15. What does this mean: â€Å"I don’t want to look at something that determines me so completely†? The old sexist society was said to reduce women to mere physical objects. Has this changed? What does Offred suggest by saying of the attempted kidnapping of her daughter â€Å"I thought it was an isolated incident, at the time†? â€Å"Inheriting the Earth†: see Matthew 5.5. If Offred was parted from her daughter when she was five and she is eight now, the separation must have happened three years ago. Since at eighteen months the pattern of change was not clear to Offred, the revolution which established Gilead must have been quite recent. It is difficult to believe that such a thorough transformation of society in such a short time, but it is important to remember that this is not a realistic novel, but a satirical dystopia. What associations are aroused by the tattoo on Offred’s ankle? She is remembering scenes from the end of World War II, in which women who dated the Nazi occ upiers had their heads shaved in public. What two meanings of the word â€Å"compose† is she playing with in the last paragraph? Section V: Nap Chapter 13 What do you think about her comments on boredom as erotic? Offred lets herself go back in time to when she was in training with Moira. Does anyone blame women for being raped today? How has Offred’s attitude toward her body changed? What do her dreams about her husband and daughter have in common? What does she mean by saying at the end of the chapter â€Å"Of all the dreams this is the worst†?

Lady Catherine Essay Example

Lady Catherine Paper In Pride and Prejudice the main target of Austens is satire, are the characters with money and the characters that have to prove their position because they feel they deserve respect due to their money and position. Also Jane Austen uses religious hypocrisy, snobbery and the concept of proper social conduct to show her personal views of society. She didnt believe the idea that education and money resulted in intelligence. In Austens time, religion was predominately Christian and so most people would go to church and also one of the most popular jobs then was a clergyman. At the top of the social scale were the aristocracies: they had titles, owned land and did not work. Then below them were the gentries: they inherited their fortunes and did not work. In Austens day, women of the gentry were almost entirely dependent on men. The only employment they were likely to get was to become governess and this was not viewed as a satisfactory way of life. Most women who did not marry remained financially dependent on their male relatives, like Jane Austen. Through marriage, a woman could have her own house and enjoy some status in society. We will write a custom essay sample on Lady Catherine specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Lady Catherine specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Lady Catherine specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Austen ignored the Napoleonic wars raging over in France at the time because they simply didnt affect her directly, despite occasional propaganda; there was little chance that Napoleon would invade Britain. Austen turned down many marriage proposals because they werent for love, and she firmly believed that people should marry for love, not money. In the novel she makes her opinions known through the narrative comments as well as the protagonist opinions. During the first ball in the book, the characters involved immediately attempt to cement their position in society. Lady Catherine is a prime example of Jane Austens satire. This is because as discussed earlier in the introduction, Austen clearly does not approve with the notion that money equals intelligence. Nevertheless, many believed this notion at the time and Austen portrays this through the characterisation of Lady Catherine. Firstly, we hear about Lady Catherine through the dejected Mr. Collins who boasts to the Bennets about her. Bounty and beneficence has preferred me to the valuable rectory of this parish. (p51) Lady Catherine is shown to be a woman who believes that due to her social status and her substantial fortune, her opinions and instructions should be followed without question. For example she is happy to use, what she presumes to be, her superior knowledge of social etiquette to assist the less fortunate such as Mr. Collins. Austen does not agree with this opinion and shows this through the satire of Lady Catherines instructions to people about how they can better themselves. This is explored further when Lady Catherine bestows these comments onto equally ridiculous characters, such as Mr. Collins who comments that these instructions give him superior society (p178). These humorous subtleties allow Austens social analysis of such people to be shown in a comic manner. Austen also shows her opinion of Lady Catherine through the description, Her air was not conciliating such as to make her visitors forget their inferior rank whatever she said, was spoken in so authoritative a tone, as marked her self- importance. (p135) This satirical instance of characterisation shows again how Austen creates intricate characters which we can assume are based on her personal findings of such people. Lady Catherine frequently speaks to Elizabeth in a condescending manner. Elizabeth however, being Austens sensible character responds to Lady Catherine using sharp wit and satire. Elizabeth suspected herself to be the first creature who had ever dared to trifle with so much dignified impertinence. (p138) Later in the novel, Lady Catherine confronts Elizabeth about Darcy and forbids the marriage not knowing whether Elizabeth has accepted the proposal or not. This suggests that she believes those who are beneath her in social status should do as she instructs.

Become a professional in JavaScript. Read all about it here

Become a professional in JavaScript. Read all about it here Become a full stack coder by mastering JavaScript The act of coding was previously seen as an area especially made or designated for Nerds, Coding has been around for a very long time and previously just a very few handful of persons could do this. However, as time passes by and the new revolution age emerged just about anyone is into coding now and I bet you too can become a coder. Here we are going to present you with a bundle which contains 10 courses and 300 lessons that will properly teach and guide you how you too can become very good in coding. The focus here will be on JavaScript coding, you may not be aware that there are other coding languages like the C++. It does not matter if you have never done any coding before, as long as you go through these courses and follow all lessons diligently you will emerge as a professional JavaScript coder. There are different stages the course will take you through. You will be able to know how to build cross-platform JavaScript apps for web and mobile with advanced features like PayPal integration. Another section will teach you how to write front-end and back-end code this basically will put you in a category as every other stack developer. Node.js and Angular.js are some of the JavaScript frameworks you will be able to use after going through the relevant part of the course. It does not end just here you will literally learn how to make a game on multiple levels so I suggest you get this bundle and start the learning process. Though it is the JavaScript Development Bundle, there are also various topics that will be fun as a bonus for you. With these other topics, you will have a very balanced knowledge not just of Java but also other topics that you will come across on a daily basis when you want to be a coder. So you will be seeing topics like NoSQL database management system, CouchDB, and MongoDB. Well if there is anything more fun than being a JavaScript guru then I wait for such a time when I will think differently. Usually, this JavaScript Development Bundle cost about $1,118, but now you can actually get it for any price you want. Do not waste any more time without adding to your knowledge base. Get this bundle now for a very cheap price and be on your way to becoming a JavaScript coder.

Autobiography Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Autobiography - Assignment Example This has given me a realization that it is better to have a whole account of my life so that I may reflect back on my achievements and failures. I am also privileged to write down my autobiography so that through it other people can get the bigger picture of life and life’s purpose. Life is significantly affected by the people around one and the environment. The character of people around you will have a great influence on the kind of person you become. This is, however, not a final development in life. With strong will and confidence, the influence of the environment and people around can be overcome and a new character built. This is the approach I took in life. That despite the negative implications that happened in my life, I always strived to become the person I wanted to become and overcome all barriers. Education has also transformed my whole life and made me and gave me a better understanding on why various things happen in people’s life. I have, over the past, grown from a young scared lady to someone with a better understanding of life, confidence, great personality and strong leadership skills. I was born in 1989 in Awassa, a town in Ethiopia. My father, Mr. Zaidi, was a renowned farmer and had a degree in Agricultural industry. My mother, Aynalem Markati, on the other side was a business woman. Both of them are from Ethiopia. Fighting for attention as a 5th born in the family was not that easy for me. However, right from childhood, I came to realize that I needed to earn attention and make the other family members notice me by the positive things that I used to do. This meant that I had to do extraordinary things that made me stand out among other siblings. For instance, I got so attached to my mother such that when I started Kindergarten, I used to insist on going to school with her. This behavior obliged my mum to accompany me to school for the first few weeks as

Benchmark progress towards sustainability Essay - 1

Benchmark progress towards sustainability - Essay Example It also implies involving as many individuals from the society as possible. For a corporate, a sustainable vision means monitoring the impact of its production, manufacturing and other operations on society and environment. Considering the future as well as molding the business strategy for greater good of the society can be regarded as an ideal sustainable stance (DeSimone & Popoff, 2000). With increasing globalization and urbanization, the environment is affected adversely and depletion of natural resources is beyond measures. Harmful carbon emissions, global warming and pollution are only few of the adversities. It is also known that if these environmental hazards are not taken care off now, then it will prove detrimental to our future generations, making their life more difficult compared to the present scenario. Sony is a multinational corporation headquartered in Tokyo, Japan. The company was founded in the year 1946 (Sony, 2014a). Sony deals with products such as, consumer electronics, video games, entertainment and media, semiconductors, telecom equipments and computer hardware. Apart from these, the company is also involved in financial services, credit finance, banking and insurance. The company even has an advertising agency under its umbrella. At present, the company is on the ninth position with Panasonic in the â€Å"Greenpeace Guide to Greener Electronics.† (Greenpeace, 2012). According to this guide, electronics companies are graded on the basis of their efforts towards preserving environment. Samsung is a multinational conglomerate headquartered in Seoul, South Korea. The company was founded in the year 1938 (Samsung, 2014a). After starting off as a trading firm, Samsung diversified into numerous areas such as, textiles, food processing, retail, securities and insurance. Late 1960s saw Samsung’s entry into electronics (Samsung, 2014b). Presently, the company is into

Role of the International Court and Tribunals in Relation to Armed Conflict Essay Example for Free

Role of the International Court and Tribunals in Relation to Armed Conflict Essay Introduction   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The volatility and persistence of armed conflicts around the world has caused the convention amongst states which aims to lessen the harm that it brought forth.   The research then aimed to identify the international laws and conventions that were created in order to lessen the evils of armed conflicts.   In addition, the research aimed to identify the international court and tribunals that were created in response to the said conventions and laws.   A few number of cases were also presented in order to understand more the applications of international laws and consequently the workings of the international court. The research will be identifying how these laws and courts are able to protect the rights of soldiers, prisoners of wars and civilians. Background of the Study Factors Leading to Conflict   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The historian AJP Taylor has described that wars are very much volatile as there are no standard systems in order to predict how one will occur. [1]   Corollary with this, various psychologists have significantly related human nature in terms on the frequency of armed conflict.   EFM Durban and John Bowlby have argued that man is inherently violent.   Such a claim is in accordance with Hobbe’s claim that on the state of nature man is in the state of war; hence claiming that man basically has the thirst for power and dominance, while consequently actualizing such in a violent manner. Durban and Bowlby claimed that although such a violence that man experiences is repressed in a conventional society, the creation of an outlet in order to occasionally express such a violent nature is inevitable.   This argument could be significantly related on how certain individuals such as for instance Hitler has displaced his hatred against the Jews.  Ã‚   Such is in relation to the claim why certain individuals shift their grievances to certain ethnic groups, nations or ideologies.[2] The Geneva Conventions   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The Geneva Conventions of 1949 contains four separate treatises which primarily focus on protecting soldiers from sufferings that may have been wounded, sick, shipwrecked or might be prisoners of wars (POWs).   In addition, the protection of civilians and their property are also taken into focus on the said conventions.[3]   Ã‚  The humanitarian focus of the Geneva Conventions was further expanded through the 1977 Additional Protocols.[4]   Ã‚  On the other hand, the details of the use of the weapons of war and the use of biological weapons are not included in the said convention as the use of the former were specified by the Hague Conventions of 1889 and 1907.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The First Geneva Conventions on August 12, 1949 necessitates that soldiers who are out of battle (i.e. hors de combat) should be protected.   The Article 12 claims that equal care should be given to all people regardless of sex, race, nationality, religion, political beliefs, etc.   Article 15 claims that the sick and the wounded must be protected from pillage and ill treatment.   The second Geneva Conventions on the other hand caters to those sick and wounded who are on the seas.   The 63 provisions focus on the armed forces who are â€Å"wounded, sick and shipwrecked, hospital ships and medical personnel, and civilians who accompany the armed forces.†[5]   Ã‚  The third Geneva Conventions contains 143 articles which clearly defines how prisoners of war (POWs) should be treated.   According to the American Red Cross, POWs should be â€Å"†¦treated humanely, adequately housed, and receive sufficient food, clothing, and medical care. Its provisions also establish guidelines on labor, discipline, recreation, and criminal trial†.[6]   Specific provisions of the third Geneva Conventions which tackled these provisions are   Arts. 70-72, 123, Arts. 13-14, 16, Arts. 25-27, 30, Art. 23, Art. 17, Arts. 50, 54, Arts. 82, 84, Arts. 109, 110, Art. 118,   and Art. 125.   The fourth Geneva Conventions then focuses on the protection of the civilians in times of armed conflict.   The 159 articles of the said conventions emphasizes the need to have civilian lives’ maintained in a normal disposition and protect them on every means of evil.   [7]   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   As a sum, the Geneva Conventions based its arguments on the basic rational that human dignity of all individuals must be of utmost importance regardless of any instance.   Necessary ways must be done in order to prevent any kind of suffering of both the combatants who have suffered wounds or any type of sickness.   In addition, the rights of the rights of the POWs are also taken into utmost detail, hence preventing any kind of torture and other types of human rights violations.   In addition the protection of the civilians most specially the assurance of the living a normal and quality life that is free from danger and any type of evils are also emphasized.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The 1949 Geneva Conventions paved the way for the creation of a more detailed law that focuses more on the workings of armed conflict.   The Law of Armed Conflict (LOAC) is a response to the demand of a more thorough legal perspective in terms of conducting armed conflicts. Law of Armed Conflict (LOAC)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The Law of Armed Conflict (LOAC) stemmed out from customary practices of international law which required nations to comply with the set of laws that preside over the exercise of military operations in armed conflict.   The acceptance of the international jurisdiction of the LOAC could be seen in the US Constitution which dubbed treaty obligations as the â€Å"supreme law of the land†, hence a part of the US law.   Hence it could be implied that all individuals that are under the US law most particularly those militants who are engaged in armed conflicts are bounded by LOAC.[8] The DoDD 5100.77, DoD Law of War Program emphasizes the necessity amongst all military departments to create a program that ensures that LOAC will be observed.   In addition with this, part of the treaty obligation of the US under the 1949 Geneva Conventions is the training of all military forces under LOAC and ensure that all weapons that will be used in armed conflict will be reviewed.[9] The nature of combatants are clearly defined in the LOAC.   Lawful combatants are those individuals who are certified by any government authority to participate in armed conflict.   In addition, a lawful combatant must be under the jurisdiction by an individual whose duty is to be responsible to his subordinates.   Corollary with this, a permanent and unique emblem should be identified even in a distant such as uniforms.   More importantly, a lawful combatant should be able to carry his arms obviously[10].   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   On the other hand, noncombatants are those people who are not certified by any government authority to engage in armed conflict.   These individuals are clearly defined as civilians who are with the Armed Forces, soldiers who are out of combat i.e. POWs, wounded, medical personnel and chaplains.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In relation with this, unlawful combatants are those people who participate in armed conflict whom however are not authorized by any government authority to be such.   For instance, bandits who steal from civilians are seen as unlawful combatants and may be viewed as targets that could be captured or killed. Also, unlawful combatants could also be put into trial because of violating international laws.[11]   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Individuals who have undetermined status are those people which could not be categorized as a lawful combatant, noncombatant or an unlawful combatant. Undetermined individuals however are still viewed as under the protections of the Geneva Prisoner of War conventions until their status will be identified[12].   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Military targets are also clearly defined in the LOAC.   Such is relevant in order to limit the attacks to appropriate individuals.   Military targets are defined are those individuals whose virtue of their own nature, location, purpose adds to an enemy’s capacity to engage in war.   More importantly, the arrest and/or annihilation of these military targets are perceived to actualize the military objectives of the government.[13]   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Regardless of the perceived goal of annihilation or capture of military targets, LOAC still takes into utmost focus the disposition of the civilian population.   Attacks on places which are not justified by military necessity are against the LOAC.   In addition, the attack on civilians in order to terrorize them is also against the international laws.   However, LOAC considers that the civilian deaths or other related casualties could not be totally prevented in armed conflicts. Hence, the LOAC emphasizes that as much as possible, military objectives would seek to minimize such harms.   LOAC emphasizes that losses on the part of the civilians must be in equal measure to the goals of the military.   In relation with this, LOAC also has a provision against attacking objects that are dedicated to peaceful purposes.   Medical units, vehicles for the wounded and the sick, hospital ships both for the civilian and the soldiers, safety zones as established by the Geneva Conventions, religious, cultural and charitable infrastructures, monuments and POW camps.   Albeit, LOAC also made clear that if by any chance that these objects will be used for war purposes, such will not be subject to any immunity[14]. Problem Statement   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Based on the laws set forth by the Geneva Conventions and the Laws of Armed Conflict (LOAC), the research seeks to identify what are the international tribunals and courts that are created in order to resolve the conflicts which stemmed during and/or after a particular war.   In addition, the research seeks to know what are the roles that these tribunals and courts played in relation to resolving conflicts and various types of injustices.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   International Court and Tribunals are created either to solve general conflicts and criminal cases or specific criminal cases of a particular country. These courts and tribunals are operational based on the laws, conventions and scope agreed upon and must be able to dispense justice in all possible cases.   However, issues emerge as how international courts and tribunals handle, resolve conflicts and spend their budget. Objectives of the Study   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The research aimed to: Identify the laws that were created that led to the proper and just exercise of international armed conflict. Identify various international court and tribunals that resulted due to the enactment of these laws. Identify the roles of the said tribunals and court in the exercise of justice. Identify the issues that these tribunals and court currently face. Significance of the Study   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The research is relevant in order to increase the awareness of the researcher and his colleagues on the workings of international laws in terms of resolving armed conflicts.   In addition, the identification of the international court and tribunals which stemmed out from these laws are also relevant not only for academic awareness and knowledge but also for a wider perspective of how armed conflict has affected various countries all over the world.   Such will enable the researcher to know the quality of life of these people that could further aid him in participating in his own small way of minimizing the advent of various political leaders for war. Review of Related Literature   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The research will be identifying the courts and tribunals which were created in order to resolve various conflicts and injustices that resulted because of armed conflicts.   For the purpose of this paper, the research will be discussing the First Generation Tribunals i.e. Nuremberg Tribunal and the Tokyo Tribunal; the Second Generation Tribunals i.e. International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY) and International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR), and the International Criminal Court (ICC).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  The role of these courts in relation to armed conflict will be identified, discussed through its principles and cases being resolved.   In addition, the issues that envelope these international courts and tribunals will also be identified. First Generation Tribunals International Military Tribunal in Nuremberg (Nuremberg Tribunal)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The Nuremberg Tribunal was responsible for the trial and prosecution of the political, military and economic leaders of Nazi Germany.   The said trial was made at the Nuremberg Palace of Justice on the city of Nuremberg Germany from 1945 to 1949.   Two sets of trials were made.   The first was the â€Å"Trial of the Major War Criminals Before the International Military Tribunal (IMT) which was held from November 20, 1945 to October 1, 1946 which comprises of the 24 most relevant leaders of the Nazis.   On the other hand, the Control Council Law No. 10 at the US Military Tribunals (NMT) on the other hand was for the lesser war criminals which included doctors and judges[15].   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The first principle of the Nuremberg Tribunal claims that an individual who commits a crime that is punishable under international laws should be apprehended and punished[16].   Consequently, the second principle states that if by any chance that the law does not provide a specific type of penalty for a particular crime, does not automatically relieve the accused of the said crime that he committed[17].   The third principle on the other hand, emphasizes that being a government leader such as a head of state etc does not automatically relieve an accused of his accountability to the alleged crime[18].   In relation with this, the notion of the existence of a moral choice was cited on Principle four and as per the Tribunal should be the guiding virtue to acts that were claimed to be done due to duress from a superior[19]. More importantly, the fifth principle made it clear that the accused must be subjected to a fair trial based on the laws and evidences that will be gathered[20].   The sixth principle then defines the set of crimes that are punishable under international law, these are:   crimes against peace, war crimes and crimes against humanity.   Crimes against peace were defined as the â€Å"planning, preparation, initiation or waging of a war of aggression or a war in violation of international treaties, agreements or assurances† and the â€Å"participation in a common plan or conspiracy for the accomplishment of any of the acts mentioned under†. [21] On the other hand, war crimes are seen as the â€Å"murder, ill-treatment or deportation to slave-labor or for any other purpose of civilian population of or in occupied territory, murder or ill treatment of prisoners of war, of persons on the seas, killing of hostages, plunder of public or private property, wanton destruction of cities, towns, or villages, or devastation not justified by military necessity†[22].   Finally, crimes against humanity are characterized as â€Å"Murder, extermination, enslavement, deportation and other inhuman acts done against any civilian population, or persecutions on political, racial or religious grounds, when such acts are done or such persecutions are carried on in execution of or in connection with any crime against peace or any war crime†[23].   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The principles of the Nuremberg Tribunal which are affirmed by the General Assembly are the first set of principles that were formulated in order to lessen the evils brought forth by armed conflict.   The tribunal recognizes that equality of all men on the eyes of the law, as evident on the first and the third principles.   In addition, the notion of impartiality and fairness are also made clear as one of the guiding principles of the tribunal in order to trial those who were accused. However, one of the criticisms against the Nuremberg Tribunal is with regard to the notion that its principles are made ex post facto or â€Å"after the fact†.   Such means that the principles are made just after the Axis powers surrendered and the principles are not really adapted to any existing custom law.[24]  Ã‚   Critics of the Nuremberg Tribunal argue that what happens is more of a â€Å"Victor’s Justice† rather than a more impartial, neutral and just trial[25].  Ã‚   In relation with this, other criticism such as the accused were not allowed to appeal against the court or may also influence the selection of the judges[26].   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Below is a table summarizing the decision of the tribunal on the major personalities of the Nazi Regime.[27] International Military Tribunal for the Far East   (IMTFE) (Tokyo Tribunal)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The International Military Tribunal for the Far East, also dubbed as the Tokyo Tribunal was created in response to the crimes committed by the leaders of the Japan Empire during the Second World War.   The jurisdiction among people[28] is limited to the criminals of the Far Eastern who as members of an organization or as an individual have committed a crime that is against peace. The tribunal trialed the three types of crimes committed by Japanese leaders which are â€Å"Class A or crimes against peace, Class B or war crimes and Class C or crimes against humanity[29].  Ã‚   The first class of criminals is those Japanese who have waged a conspiracy in order to start the war and the other two types of criminals refer to those of the Nanking Massacre.   The trials started on May 3, 1946 and were finished on November 12, 1948. The Nanking Massacre involves the thousand of deaths that resulted from the abuse of the Japanese forces.   Civilians were buried alive while some become the targets of bayonet practice.   In addition, some were shot in huge groups and were thrown into the Yangtze River.   In addition with this, numerous women were raped, murdered and mutilated[30]. Japan has also conducted opium trafficking in China in order to weaken the latter from resisting[31]. The tribunal on Article 6 have made clear the responsibility of the accused, wherein it emphasizes that the accused official position or   responsibility towards the government are not sufficient reasons in order to acquit him, unless proven so[32].   The Article 9 which states how the trial of the accused is to be conducted is somewhat similar to that of the Nuremberg Tribunal.   Although Article 9 is leaning towards a fair trial for the accused, the provisions are only focusing on Indictment, Language, Counsel for Accused, Evidence for Defense, and Production of Evidence for the Defense.   One could see that there are no such provisions saying that the accused is capable for an appeal or could have an influence for the selection of the judges[33].   Similarly, Article 16 describes the mode of penalty and punishment includes death or other penalties that are perceived by the tribunal to be just[34]. Second Generation Tribunals The International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia or the ICTY was made on May 25 1993 by the Security Council Resolution 827 in order to trial the crimes that were made on the former Yugoslavia, more particularly on the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina in order to protect international peace and security.   ICTY is located at Hague Netherlands. [35]    The ICTY has already indicted 161 individuals who are responsible for the crimes against international and humanitarian law.[36]   The conflicts that emerge on the former Yugoslavia shifted from Slovenia to Croatia and then to Bosnia which the later showed signs of genocide such as deportation and mass executions and concentration camps.   In addition with this, sexual assaults and rape were also documented.   In effect of this, on October 1992, the Security Council asked UN Secretary, Butros Butros Ghali to furnish an account of the violation of international humanitarian law in the former Yugoslavia[37]. The ICTY has four major objectives: first is to bring to justice the individuals who are accountable on the grave violations of international and humanitarian law, to dispense justice to those who are afflicted, to prevent such crimes to occur again, to do its part to restore peace and held responsible those individuals who committed such crimes of international law and humanitarian law[38]. The jurisdiction of the ICTY is limited only to individuals and not organizations and or groups, who were alleged to commit such crimes after the first of January, 1991.[39]   The violations that are subject to ICTY’s jurisdiction are those violations coming from the Geneva conventions such as: â€Å"a) wilful killing; b) torture or inhuman treatment, including biological experiments; c) wilfully causing great suffering or serious injury to body or health; d) extensive destruction and appropriation of property, not justified by military necessity and carried out unlawfully and wantonly; e) compelling a prisoner of war or a civilian to serve in the forces of a hostile power; f) wilfully depriving a prisoner of war or a civilian of the rights of fair and regular trial; g) unlawful deportation or transfer or unlawful confinement of a civilian; h) taking civilians as hostages† [40] Also, Violations on the Laws or Customs of War are also included such as:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   â€Å"a) use of poisonous weapons or other weapons calculated to cause unnecessary suffering; b) wanton destruction of cities, towns or villages, or devastation not justified by military necessity; c) attack, or bombardment, by whatever means, of undefended towns, villages, dwellings, or buildings; d) seizure of, destruction or wilful damage done to institutions dedicated to religion, charity and education, the arts and sciences, historic monuments and works of art and science; e) plunder of public or private property.† [41]   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Crimes against humanity which are normally done to the civilians of former Yugoslavia are also trialed. In addition with this, Genocide was also another crime that ICTY looked into.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚      The ICTY has also categorized into two types the criminal responsibilities of that were allegedly committed by every accused.   The first type are those individuals who have a well structured plan and authority to exercise such crimes, while on the other hand, the second type of accused are those superiors who have their subordinates commit crimes which the former has no knowledge of; and / or the superiors who did not made any steps in order to punish the said subordinate who made such a crime.[42]   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The ICTY also has Rules of Procedure and Evidence that were drafted and amended by its judges and provides the parameters of how proceedings in trials should undergo.   The basic premise of these standards resides on the notion of fairness which establishes the innocence of the accused and the burden of proof should rest on the prosecution.   More importantly, ICTY has made sure that all of the parties involved must have the capacity to present their cases and in such instances, the tribunal requires that the language of the accused will be used.   The tribunal has also made clear that death penalty can not be imposed and that the parties both have the right to appeal.[43]   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Corollary with this, the rules of the tribunal also provides the right for a public hearing.   In addition, the right of the accused to analyze the evidences of the prosecution, present his own evidences and the right against self-incrimination is also an evidence of a fair treatment to the accused.   Unlike the Nuremberg and the Tokyo tribunal, the ICTY provides a more balanced perspective in terms of dealing with armed conflict accused and criminals.   In addition, the utmost relevance that is centered on the importance of the human life is also evident as death penalty is not an accepted form of punishment to those trialed as guilty of the said allegations[44]. International Criminal Court for Rwanda (ICTR)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The International Criminal Court for Rwanda (ICTR) was made on November 8, 1994 which is roughly 18 months after the ICTY was made.   The Security Council adopted the resolution 955[45] in order to trial the human rights abuses that resulted the conflict of two major tribes in Rwanda that resulted to genocide[46] between January 1, 1994 and December 31, 1994.   In addition with this, the neighboring states of Rwanda who have participated as well for the said genocide and other human rights violation were also subjected to the trials of the tribunal[47].   Ã‚  ICTR is located in Arusha, United Republic of Tanzania[48].   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The domestic conflict that emerge between the Hutu tribe which is the dominating tribe in Rwanda and the Tutsi Tribe which was the minority after the country’s decolonization   in 1962.  Ã‚   The Hutus and the Tutsi’s conflict emerge primarily out of political reasons and not really of ethnic differences.   Both of the tribes shared the same Roman Catholic faith and in times intermarried.[49]   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In 1960, the Belgian government organized an election in response to the Tutsi’s demand for independence.   However, a huge amount of the mayoral posts were given to the Hutus and in two years span, the Hutus have supplanted the Tutsis as the local elites.   At such a span of time, there has been a wide documentation of reports claiming massacres of Tutsis which further led the latter to move to near by countries.   After 15 years, the killings have abated and the Tutsi refugees who have returned organized a parliamentary forced known as Rwandan Patriotic Font (RPF) which later on signed peace conventions to Arusha Peace Accords which mandated the share of powers between the Hutus and the Tutsis[50].   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The rare of how the Rwandan genocide have occurred was perceived to be so fast as around 1994 around 500,000 – 1,000,000 Tutsis has been killed while 10,000 to 100,000 Hutus were killed[51]. The laws adopted by the ICTR are governed by its statute which was based from the Security Council Resolution 955, wherein the Article 14 of the Statute serves as the foundation of the judicial framework of the tribunal.  Ã‚   The ICTR is primarily made of three organs which are the Chambers and the Appeals Chamber, the Office of the Prosecutor and the Registry[52].   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The jurisdiction of the ICTR is under the parameters of â€Å"genocide, crimes against humanity† and â€Å"violations of Article 3 of the Geneva Conventions and of Additional Protocol II†.   In relation with this, the crimes which are to be trialed are those executed between 1 January and 31 December 1994.   Those crimes to be included are those within Rwanda and in the territory of neighboring states which are significantly related to the alleged crimes[53].   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   However certain objections were made with regards to the laws set forth by the ICTR[54].   The first objection was against the decision regarding the jurisdiction on crimes limited to July 1994 rather than December 1994.   Critics claimed that such is because of the tribunal’s preference to cover earlier crimes and suspend temporal jurisdiction to retribution crimes against Hutus that were made on December.   The second objection was about the penalty that was accepted in Resolution 955 which was the highest form appears to be life imprisonment.   Such a statute was objected due to the argument that the Rwandan Penal Code allows the execution of death penalty.   The stand on the preference of the possibility of death penalty to be given against the leaders of the mass killings is so much important to the victims.   The third objection was with regard to the limitation of the crimes to be trialed as those of concerning genocide alone.   In effect of this, the killings that the Tutsi’s made after July would not be categorized as under the ICTR jurisdiction.   The fourth problem is with regard to the objection of the location of ICTR in Arusha stating that the â€Å"deterrent effect of the trial and the punishment will be lost if the trial and punishment will be lost if the trials were to be held hundreds of miles away from the scene of the crime†. [55] International Criminal Court (ICC)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The International Criminal Court was created on 2002 and is a permanent tribunal to trial cases and â€Å"crimes of genocide, crimes against humanity, war crimes and crimes of aggression† as per Article 5 of its Statue.[56]   Ã‚  There have been a couple of appeals stating that crimes such as terrorism and drug trafficking must be included on the list of crimes that the court deals into. India has made a proposal to include the creation of the weapons of mass destruction, and nuclear weapons but such appeals to the court are defeated[57].   According to Article 11, the court only has jurisdiction after July 1, 2002 which was when the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court took effect.   The ICC is the â€Å"court of last resort† and will only trial cases of national origin when proved to be based on a faulty reasoning.   ICC has jurisdiction over matters wherein the accused belongs to a territory or state party that is under the national or territory of a state party.   After which Article 14 states that such a case will be referred by the United Nations to the ICC.   Since the court is made to function in juxtaposition of various national courts, ICC can only make take over the on the trial of certain crimes that national courts are unwilling to look into     The Article 17 of the Statute claims that â€Å"(a) The case is being investigated or prosecuted by a State which has jurisdiction over it, unless the State is unwilling or unable genuinely to carry out the investigation or prosecution;   Ã‚  Ã‚   (b) The case has been investigated by a State which has jurisdiction over it and the State has decided not to prosecute the person concerned, unless the decision resulted from the unwillingness or inability of the State genuinely to prosecute; (c) The person concerned has already been tried for conduct which is the subject of the complaint (d)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The case is not of sufficient gravity to justify further action by the Court†[58]. Similar to the tribunals presented above, the ICC also does not excuse criminals who hold certain positions on the government office. As defined in Article 27 these individuals include â€Å"Head of State or Government, a member of a Government or parliament, an elected representative or a government†[59]   In relation with this, Article 28 of the Statute claims that the superiors of those criminals are held responsible for the crimes committed by the latter.    The military commander are held liable in grounds of having or not having the foreknowledge of the criminal acts to be conducted and the failure of the commander to prevent or to report to other individuals of high position the perceived criminal acts to be executed.   In relation with this, the military commander will be held responsible for the criminal acts of his subordinates, given the notion that the former did not properly exercise his control by disregarding the foreknowledge that he got, and also failure to exercise his power and control in order to prevent such acts.[60] The ICC as of April 2007 have a total of 41 countries signed the Roman Statute but a number of countries are still opposing on it.   According to the Article 3 of the Statute, the official seat of the court is in Hague Netherlands; however, it may hold proceedings at almost any place[61]. The Effectiveness of International Courts and Tribunals   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Barria and Roper provided an analysis on the effectiveness of the second generation international tribunals and also touching certain aspects of the effectiveness of international courts such as the ICC[62].   According to them, the assessment of the effectiveness of the ICTY and the ICTR are difficult to assess because they were established based on various rationales due to the argument that the Security Council perceived the said tribunals with a â€Å"multi-faceted mandate†[63]. Although it could be asserted that the basis for the creation of the ICTY and the ICTR are based on a specific statute such as the Resolution 955, it could be perceived that they have the two tribunals serve two different ends.   The ICTR is perceived to maintain peace and order, make sure that violations against human rights and various killings will be stopped, and eventually leading on the process of national reconciliation[64].   As such, Barria and Roper argued that ICTR’s two main goals are closely similar to the ICTY, other than that the ICTR included on its mandate the task of reconciliation among the two opposing national forces.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   On a closer analysis, the establishment of the ICTY and the ICTR does not necessarily provided an immediate deterrent effect on the nations and parties that are involved, however, such hopes on the deterrent nature of the court are still expected on the far future.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In addition, Barria and Roper criticized that international tribunals are not generally perceived as an avenue to maintain peace and order, however, newly established courts such as the ICC are perceived to have the capability of securing peace in the international community. Roberts, as cited in Barria and Roper have maintained that the ICTY and the ICTR are not really that successful in terms of maintaining peace and security[65].   More importantly, Shinoda as cited in Barria and Roper criticized the relationship of imposing justice on the notion of national peace and order.   As such, Shinoda argued: â€Å"Does justice really contribute to peace? Should we reject unjust peace even in post-conflict regions?†[66]   As such, Barria and Roper argued that ICTY was not able to establish peace and order on the former Yugoslavia as hostilities between Bosnian Serbs, Croats and Muslims still exist[67].   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   On the case of the ICTR, revenge killings on the part of the Tutsi tribes are still in effect, as there is no cooperation on the part of national forces within the state of Rwanda.   As such, Barria and Roper argued that the success of the imposing of peace and order through the second generation tribunals will be only fully actualized if it gained support from the nations involved and the international society[68].   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Another significant criticism that was raised regarding the role of international tribunals was that of Cobban wherein she asserts that international tribunals besides the argument that they failed to dispense justice have due process that are long and expensive.   On the 25 indictments that the ICTR have done, more than $1 billion was the documented cost which makes every case cost around $40 million[69].    Conclusion International Court and Tribunals are created either to solve general conflicts and criminal cases or specific criminal cases of a particular country. These courts and tribunals are operational based on the laws, conventions and scope agreed upon and must be able to dispense justice in all possible cases.   However, issues emerge as how international courts and tribunals handle, resolve conflicts and spend their budget. The research has identifying the courts and tribunals which were created in order to resolve various conflicts and injustices that resulted because of armed conflicts.   The research has discussed the First Generation Tribunals i.e. Nuremberg Tribunal and the Tokyo Tribunal; the Second Generation Tribunals i.e. International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY) and International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR), and the International Criminal Court (ICC). The Nuremberg Tribunal was responsible for the trial and prosecution of the political, military and economic leaders of Nazi Germany.   The said trial was made at the Nuremberg Palace of Justice on the city of Nuremberg Germany from 1945 to 1949.   Two sets of trials were made.   The first was the â€Å"Trial of the Major War Criminals Before the International Military Tribunal (IMT) which was held from November 20, 1945 to October 1, 1946 which comprises of the 24 most relevant leaders of the Nazis.   On the other hand, the Control Council Law No. 10 at the US Military Tribunals (NMT) on the other hand was for the lesser war criminals which included doctors and judges The International Military Tribunal for the Far East, also dubbed as the Tokyo Tribunal was created in response to the crimes committed by the leaders of the Japan Empire during the Second World War.   The jurisdiction among people   is limited to the criminals of the Far Eastern who as members of an organization or as an individual have committed a crime that is against peace. The International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia or the ICTY was made on May 25 1993 by the Security Council Resolution 827 in order to trial the crimes that were made on the former Yugoslavia, more particularly on the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina in order to protect international peace and security.   ICTY is located at Hague Netherlands.  Ã‚  Ã‚   The ICTY has already indicted 161 individuals who are responsible for the crimes against international and humanitarian law The International Criminal Court for Rwanda (ICTR) was made on November 8, 1994 which is roughly 18 months after the ICTY was made.   The Security Council adopted the resolution 955   in order to trial the human rights abuses that resulted the conflict of two major tribes in Rwanda that resulted to genocide   between January 1, 1994 and December 31, 1994.   In addition with this, the neighboring states of Rwanda who have participated as well for the said genocide and other human rights violation were also subjected to the trials of the tribunal .  Ã‚   ICTR is located in Arusha, United Republic of Tanzania . The International Criminal Court was created on 2002 and is a permanent tribunal to trial cases and â€Å"crimes of genocide, crimes against humanity, war crimes and crimes of aggression† Barria and Roper provided an analysis on the effectiveness of the second generation international tribunals and also touching certain aspects of the effectiveness of international courts such as the ICC.   According to them, the assessment of the effectiveness of the ICTY and the ICTR are difficult to assess because they were established based on various rationales due to the argument that the Security Council perceived the said tribunals with a â€Å"multi-faceted mandate. Another significant criticism that was raised regarding the role of international tribunals was that of Cobban wherein she asserts that international tribunals besides the argument that they failed to dispense justice have due process that are long and expensive. 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Puja K, â€Å"Global Civil Society Remakes History:â€Å"The Women’s International War Crimes Tribunal 2000†, Duke University, positions 9:3 Winter 2001, 611-618. â€Å"The Tokyo War Crimes Trial†, http://www.cnd.org/mirror/nanjing/NMTT.htmlaccessed 20 April 2007. United Nations, â€Å"General Information†, http://www.un.org/icty/glance-e/index.htm accessed 20 April 2007. United Nations. â€Å"Key Figures of ICTY Cases†, http://www.un.org/icty/glance- e/index.htm accessed 20 April 2007. United Nations, â€Å"General Information†, http://www.un.org/icty/glance-e/index.htm accessed 20 April 2007. United Nations, â€Å"International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda†, ictyhttp://www.unhchr.ch/html/menu2/2/rwatrib.htm accessed 20 April 2007. United Nations, â€Å"PART 2. JURISDICTION, ADMISSIBILITY AND APPLICABLE LAW† http://www.un.org/law/icc/statute/99_corr/2.htm accessed 20 April 2007. United Nations, PART 3. GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF CRIMINAL LAW, Article 27†, http://www.un.org/law/icc/statute/99_corr/2.htm accessed 20 April 2007. United Nations, â€Å"Part 1 ESTABLISHMENT OF THE COURT, Article 3†, http://www.un.org/law/icc/statute/99_corr/4.htm accessed 20 April 2007. [1] â€Å"Causes of War†, http://www.spiritus-temporis.com/war/causes-of-war.html accessed on 18 April 2007. [2] Ibid. [3] American Red Cross, â€Å"1949 Geneva Conventions† http://www.icrc.org/ihl.nsf/7c4d08d9b287a4214125673 9003e636b/fe20 c3d903ce27e3c125641e004a9 2f3 accessed 19 April 2007. [4] American Red Cross â€Å"FACING FEAR/6-8/Lesson Plan 8/Facts About Terrorism and War† (2001). [5] Ibid. [6] Ibid on page 3. [7] Ibid. [8] Powers Rod, â€Å"Law of Armed Conflict (LOAC)† (Guide to US Military) http://usmilitary.about.com/cs/wars/a/loac.htm accessed 19 April 2007. [9] Ibid. [10] Ibid. [11] Ibid. [12] Ibid. [13] Ibid. [14] Ibid. [15] Microsoft Encarta, â€Å"War Crimes Trial†, Microsoft Encarta Encyclopedia 2005. [16] Ibid. [17] Ibid. [18] Ibid. [19] Ibid. [20] Ibid. [21] Ibid. [22] Ibid. [23] Ibid. [24] Biddis M, â€Å"Victor’s Justice? The Nuremberg Tribunal†, History Today (1995). [25] Ibid. [26] Ibid. [27] Table taken from: Biddis M, â€Å"Victor’s Justice? The Nuremberg Tribunal†, History Today (1995). [28] Avalon Project at Yale School, â€Å"International Military Tribunal for the Far East, (Article 5)† http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/imtfem.htm accessed 20 April 2007. [29] Puja K, â€Å"Global Civil Society Remakes History:â€Å"The Women’s International War Crimes Tribunal 2000†, Duke University, positions 9:3 Winter 2001, 611-618. [30] â€Å"The Tokyo War Crimes Trial†, http://www.cnd.org/mirror/nanjing/NMTT.htmlaccessed 20 April 2007. [31] Ibid. [32] Avalon Project at Yale School, â€Å"International Military Tribunal for the Far East, (Article 6)† http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/imtfem.htm accessed 20 April 2007 [33] Ibid on Article 9. [34] Ibid on Article 16. [35] United Nations, â€Å"General Information†, http://www.un.org/icty/glance-e/index.htm accessed 20 April 2007. [36] United Nations. â€Å"Key Figures of ICTY Cases†, http://www.un.org/icty/glance-e/index.htm accessed 20 April 2007. [37] PICT-PCTI, â€Å"International Military Tribunal for the Former Yugoslvaia†, http://www.pict-pcti.org/courts/ICTY.html accessed 20 April 2007. [38] [38] United Nations, â€Å"General Information†, http://www.un.org/icty/glance-e/index.htm accessed 20 April 2007. [39] Global Policy, â€Å"Tribunal Laws Made Simple†, http://www.globalpolicy.org/intljustice/tribunals/yugo/2004/ictyintro.htm    accessed 20 April 2007. [40] Ibid. [41] Ibid. [42] Ibid. [43] Ibid [44] Ibid. [45] United Nations, â€Å"International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda†, ictyhttp://www.unhchr.ch/html/menu2/2/rwatrib.htm accessed 20 April 2007. [46] Barria L and Ropper S, â€Å"How Effective are International Criminal Tribunals? An Assessment of the ICTY and the ICTR, The International Journal of Human Rights September 2005, Vol. 9, No. 3, 349–368. [47] United Nations, â€Å"General Information†, http://69.94.11.53/default.htm accessed 20 April 2007. [48] Ibid. [49] Barria L and Ropper S, â€Å"How Effective are International Criminal Tribunals? An Assessment of the ICTY and the ICTR, The International Journal of Human Rights September 2005, Vol. 9, No. 3, 349–368 [50] Ibid. [51] Ibid.